David Datro Fofana: From Abidjan to Chelsea and the Fight In Between

From start to finish, Chelsea drove the story of 2023’s winter transfer window.  Like many a good story, this one was well-organized.  It began in north, where Chelsea spent €12M to purchase emerging striker David Datro Fofana from Norway’s Molde and flowed downstream to its conclusion in the south, where they handed Benfica €121M for …

Escape Room: Young MLS Signings and the Contracts that (May) Bind Them

Recently, Major League Soccer has signed several players under age 18 to lengthy (five-to-seven years) professional contracts.  While these contract terms exceed the maximum allowed by FIFA for under 18 players, the contracts are likely valid under US laws.  This article discusses creative solutions these players may have to free themselves from their long contracts.    …

Will MLS’ (Contract) Options Remain Open

This article was first posted on March 9, 2018 (on Medium). It has undergone minor edits for clarity. In January 2018, Canadian striker Cyle Larin completed a move from Major League Soccer’s Orlando City to Turkish club Besiktas. Reportedly, Besiktas paid Orlando a transfer fee in the neighborhood of $2.3 million. That was the simple part. The …

Notes on Article 19: In pursuit of a more coherent standard

In late 2021, the Court of Arbitration for Sport denied 15-year-old American David Kelley’s[1] attempt to sign with Fehervar, one of Hungary’s top clubs.  The player had argued he fell within the “not linked to football” exception to Article 19 of FIFA’s RSTP – the rule that, in most cases, prevents clubs from signing foreign …

Notes on Third-Party Influence: Confusion over the Level of Influence Prohibited

The following is another article in my series on third-party influence.  Previous articles in the series can be found, here, here, and here.     Once again, Article 18bis of FIFA’s RSTP forbids a club from entering into any transaction that may allow the counter-club or a third party to influence “in employment and transfer-related matters …

Notes on Third-Party Influence: Trying to Insure the Sell-on Fee

This article is part of a series on FIFA’s enforcement of Article 18bis in its Rules on the Status and Transfer of Players.  This rule forbids a club from entering into any transaction that may allow the counter-club or a third party to influence “in employment and transfer-related matters [the club’s] independence, [their] policies or …

Notes on Third-Party Influence: Penalties vs. Bonuses

There is a subset of third-party influence cases that turn on a confusing distinction between penalty and bonus clauses.  Usually, the debate arises in the context of a loan agreement.  Generally-speaking, one club will loan a player to another, with a provision that increases the fee based on how much the player plays.  In some …

Notes on Third-Party Influence: Consent and Rivals Clauses

FIFA’s Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players include two provisions that restrict third-party influence on clubs: Article 18bis, which limits influence from other clubs, and Article 18ter, which limits influence from outside entities.  Through FIFA’s enforcement, these two rules have matured into a thick body of law – one that covers almost any …

FIFA Lurks Under the Bridge

Two weeks ago, FIFA’s Disciplinary Committee punished two French clubs – Angers and Paris FC – for their roles in a so-called “bridge transfer.”  This is a multi-step transaction where clubs arrange for the same player to be transferred twice, over a short time, so they can avoid some rule or regulation.  While clubs have …

FIFA Case Note: Newell’s Old Boys v. Roma

In the summer of 2019, Roma transferred two players to Spartak Moscow for €3 million each.  The first player – well-regarded striker Ezequiel Ponce – was worth at least that much.  But the second – reserve team goalkeeper Andrea Romagnoli – was worth far less.  At the time, Roma owed a sell-on fee to Argentine …